Research Papers (JVN)
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Item Conformal invariance in physics and cosmology(Colorado Associated University Press, 1972-01-10) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.Item Mass difference between the muon and the electron(Nature Publishing Group, 1972-07-14) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.The fact that the muon and the electron have different masses can be understood in terms of a machian theory of inertia. The masses of particles are not fixed and immutable but depend on the detailed particle composition of the universe.Item Quantization of wheeler-feynman electrodynamics(Nature Publishing Group, 1970-03-28) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.Item Direct particle theory of weak interactions(-, 1972-01-01) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.A theory of weak interactions is developed in terms of direct particle action. In its simplest form the theory leads to the formulation given by Feynman and Gell-Mann.Item Cosmological models in a conformally invariant gravitational theory-II : A new model(Wiley-Blackwell, 1972-01-27) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.Item Electrodynamics of direct interparticle action I : The quantum mechanical response of the universe(Academic Press, 1969-03-10) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.The present paper is the first of a series that seeks to obtain results in agreement with experience from a completely time-symmetric electromagnetic theory-i.e. which does not permit an ad hoc restriction to retarded solutions of time-symmetric equations. It is remarkable that the development of a wholly time-symmetric theory must be along lines entirely different from the usual electrodynamics. While a first quantisation of the particles can readily be carried out, there can be no separate quantisation of the field, since the field is wholly determined by the particles. This raises the question of how practical results that have hitherto been thought to arise from field quantisation can be obtained. The most immediate problem of this kind concerns the spontaneous transitions of atoms. Much of the present paper is directed toward showing that this problem can indeed be solved without the need for field quantisation. Although this question might appear simple compared to other issues in quantum e1ectrodynamics-e.g. vacuum polarisation-it is not trivial in its implication, for the establishment of one such case provides a critical precedent. The path integral method of first quantisation is used to demonstrate that provided the Universe is a perfect absorber along the future light cone the usual formulae for level shifts and for spontaneous transitions can be obtained in a steady-state model of the Universe, but not in open Friedmann models.Item Cosmology and quantum electrodynamics(Nature Publishing Group, 1969-06-14) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.Item On the relation of infinitesimal particle propagator to the nature of mass(-, 1972-01-01) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.The finite particle propagator can be constructed by a path integral method provided the infinitesimal propagator is known. Hitherto, however, it has not been possible to specify the relativistic infinitesimal propagator except in an ad hoc way. From consideration of the nature of mass, in a Maehian cosmological sense, it is shown in the present paper that the infinitesimal propagator can be derived in relativistic quantum mechanics by a method similar to that used in the nonrelativistie path integral.Item On the nature of mass(Nature Publishing Group, 1971-09-03) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.The increasing number of observations of discrepant redshifts means that no longer can these be passed off as chance juxtapositions. A possible explanation of the data is given here in terms of a theory that incorporates a gravitational "constant" that is decreasing with time.Item Cosmological models in a conformally invariant gravitational theory-I : The Friedmann model(Wiley-Blackwell, 1972-01-27) Hoyle, F.; Narlikar, J. V.The present paper discusses the formulation of the Friedmann cosmological models in terms of a conformally invariant ravitational theory. This theory is Machian in the sense that the mass of a particle arises from the interaction of the particle with a mass field m(X) generated by other particles. In cosmology the mass field m(X) at any particular space-time point X arises predominantly from particles at great distance from X. The Friedmann models are usually discussed in terms of the RobertsonWalker line element. It is known that this line element is conformal to the Minkowski line element ds² = dr²-d² -r² (d0 ² +sin² 0 dᵩ²). Cosmological space-time can therefore be transformed to Minkowski space-time by a suitable conformal transformation. It is not possible in the usual expositions to take advantage of this geometrical simplification because Einstein's gravitational equations are not conformally invariant. However, the present theory is conformally invariant so that transformation to Minkowski space is possible not only for the geometry but also for the physics. The three Friedmann cases k = 0, ± I are discussed in detail from this point of view. Although the cases k = ± I are spatially homogeneous in the Robertson-Walker frame they are not similarly homogeneous in the Minkowski frame, where they can be seen to represent only local clouds that happen to be symmetrically distributed with respect to an observer at r = o. This lack of homogeneity is not shared by the k = 0 case, which emerges from the analysis as the only model consistent with homogeneity in both frames, Robertson-Walker and Minkowski. The conformal transformation function between these two frames is singular at T = o. It is this mathematical breakdown of the transformation function which introduces the well-known singularity of the Friedmann models with respect to the Robertson-Walker frame--the singularity usually referred to as the origin of the Universe. From the present point of view this so-called origin does not arise physically at all. It turns out that the Universe possesses an opposite half, T < 0 in the Minkowski frame, which connects smoothly with ' our' half, T > o. Both halves of the Universe contribute to the mass function m(X), and are therefore connected physically. Indeed the appropriate form for m(X) appears to demand that both halves of the Universe be present. The half T < 0 is missed when the Robertson-Walker frame is used.