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Item Cosmology and cosmogony in a cyclic universe(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2007-04-26) Narlikar, J. V.; Burbidge, G.; Vishwakarma, R. G.In this paper we discuss the properties of the quasi-steady state cosmological model (QSSC) developed in 1993 in its role as a cyclic model of the universe driven by a negative energy scalar field. We discuss the origin of such a scalar field in the primary creation process first described by F. Hoyle & J. V. Narlikar forty years ago. It is shown that the creation processes which take place in the nuclei of galaxies are closely linked to the high energy and explosive phenomena, which are commonly observed in galaxies at all redshifts. The cyclic nature of the universe provides a natural link between the places of origin of the microwave background radiation (arising in hydrogen burning in stars), and the origin of the lightest nuclei (H, D, He³ and He⁴). It also allows us to relate the large scale cyclic properties of the universe to events taking place in the nuclei of galaxies. Observational evidence shows that ejection of matter and energy from these centers in the form of compact objects, gas and relativistic particles is responsible for the population of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) and gamma-ray burst sources in the universe. In the later parts of the paper we briefly discuss the major unsolved problems of this integrated cosmological and cosmogonical scheme – the understanding of the origin of the intrinsic redshifts, and the periodicities in the redshift distribution of the QSOs.Item Empirical approach to cosmology(Springer, 1981-01-23) Narlikar, J. V.; Burbidge, G.A two-component model of the universe is proposed, based on the observations of discrete extragalactic sources and the microwave background radiation. The large scale dynamics of the universe is determined by the radiation component and it leads to a characteristic size of the universe of approximately 600,000 Mpc and an age of approximately one trillion years. The second component, that of matter, occurs in discrete sources which group together in super-superclusters of characteristic size approximately 6000 Mpc and age 10 billion yr. It is suggested that the Galaxy belongs to one of these super-superclusters and that observations of discrete sources are confined to this unit. A reasonable agreement with the cosmological tests is obtained on the assumption that the geometry within a typical super-supercluster is Euclidean and that the redshifts of galaxies arise from a Doppler effect due to motions originating in a local explosion which gave birth to the super-supercluster. Further observational checks on this model are proposed.Item Quasi-steady state cosmology(International Astronomical Union, 1994-03-12) Hoyle, F.; Burbidge, G.; Narlikar, J. V.Item Further astrophysical quantities expected in a quasi steady state universe(EDP Sciences, 1994-02-06) Hoyle, F.; Burbidge, G.; Narlikar, J. V.In two previous papers we have described a new cosmological model which we have called the quasi-steady state cosmological model (QSSC) (Hoyle et al. 1993, 1994). In this theory matter is created only in strong gravitational fields associated with dense aggregates of matter. In this paper and in Hoyle et al. (1994) we are attempting to show that many aspects of the observable universe are explicable using this theory so that it is a reasonable alternative to the classical Big-Bang model which has been so widely accepted. We first review briefly the theory of the creation process and show how we arrived at the quasi-oscillatory model. In later sections we show how two of the three parameters of the theory P, and Q, are related to two observed quantities. Q is related to the value of the Hubble constant H0 at the present epoch, and the counts of radio sources enable us to determine P/Q and hence P. We find that Q = 40 40⁹ years and P = 8 10¹¹ years. We then calculate numerical values for the mass density in the universe and the rate of creation. Finally, we discuss the properties of galaxies including faint galaxies, creation events in individual galaxies, and the mass-to-light ratios in galaxies and clusters. The results here are particularly interesting since in this model stars can be much older than H₀¯¹. This means that much of the mass in galaxies will naturally be baryonic and will consist of evolved stars. Thus very large mass-to-light ratios are expected in galaxies and in clusters. We conclude by summarizing the results obtained in all three papers. More work is required, particularly on the cosmogonical aspects of the theory, but a very attractive aspect of it is that the creation process in the centers of galaxies leads to a comparatively simple way of understanding explosive phenomena.Item Quasi-steady state cosmological model with creation of matter(American Astronomical Society, 1993-06-20) Hoyle, F.; Burbidge, G.; Narlikar, J. V.Item Big bang continued(Nature Publishing Group, 1992-05-28) Narlikar, J. V.; Arp, H. C.; Burbidge, G.; et al.