Roukema, B. F.2012-03-142012-03-142001-03-01http://hdl.handle.net/11007/1492It is often stated that homogeneity and isotropy of the Universe are assumptions of the almost Friedmann- Lemaˆıtre (FL) model (the hot big bang model), inspired from the Copernican Principle. However, only local homogeneity and isotropy are required by the model: multiply connected almost FL models are locally homogeneous and isotropic, but they can be globally anisotropic and/or globally inhomogeneous. Toy models are used here to show how global anisotropy and/or global inhomogeneity of an almost FL model could be shown directly in observations. This approach may avoid having to make any assumptions regarding global anisotropy and inhomogeneity.enCopernican principleCosmic topologyGlobal AnisotropyArticle